Finding new treatments for cancer

The Bergmann Lab has developed genetic screening methods in Drosophila which were initially designed to identify genes that confer resistance of cancer cells to cell death, a hallmark of cancer. Interestingly, these screens also led to the identification of genes involved in tumor growth and tumor suppression suggesting that genes involved in cell death are intimately linked to cell proliferation and tumor suppression. Characterizing and understanding the function of these genes may ultimately lead to the identification of new drug targets for treatment of cancer.

• Herz et al. (2010). The H3K27me3-demethylase dUTX is a suppressor of Notch- and Rb-dependent tumors in Drosophila. Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, 2485-2497.
• Fan et al. (2010). Dual roles of Drosophila p53 in cell death and cell differentiation. Cell Death & Differentiation 17, 912-921.
• Bergmann A and Steller H (2010). Apoptosis, stem cells and tissue regeneration. Science Signaling. 3, re8.
• Pérez et al. (2015). Autophagy regulates tissue overgrowth in a context-dependent manner. Oncogene. 34(26):3369-3376

The Cantor lab performs mechanistic studies to uncover how the hereditary breast cancer genes protect the genome and suppress cancer.  Through biochemical protein purification strategies and genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screens, the lab seeks to identify novel genes and pathways that function with the hereditary breast cancer genes in DNA repair and tumors suppression.  Importantly, these approaches have provided insight towards the regulation of DNA repair pathways, how this regulation is altered in cancer, and how cancer cells evade therapies.

1. Cantor, SB, Bell, D, Ganesan, S, Kass, E, Drapkin, R, Grossman, S, Wahrer, D, Sgroi, D, Lane, W, Haber, D, Livingston, D. BACH1, a novel helicase–like protein, interacts directly with BRCA1 and contributes to its DNA repair function. Cell. 2001; 105:149.
2. Litman, R, Peng, M, Jin, Z, Zhang, F, Zhang, J, Powell, S, Andreassen, PR, Cantor, SB. BACH1 is critical for homologous recombination and appears to be the Fanconi anemia gene product FANCJ. Cancer Cell. 2005; 8:255–265.
3. Min Peng, Jenny Xie, Anna Ucher, Janet Stavnezer & Cantor SB, Crosstalk between BRCA-Fanconi anemia and mismatch repair pathways prevents MSH2-dependent aberrant DNA damage responses. EMBO J. 2014 June 25: 10.15252/embj.201387530.
4. Guillemette S, Serra R, Peng M, Hayes JA, Konstantinopoulos PA, Green MR, and. Cantor SB, Resistance to therapy in BRCA2 mutant cells due to loss of the nucleosome-remodeling factor CHD4, Genes and Development, 2015 Mar 1;29(5):489-94.

*HOLDING*

The Green lab has performed a series of genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screens to identify novel factors involved in various aspects of cancer biology, including oncogene-induced epigenetic silencing, oncogene-induced senescence, transcriptional regulation of tumor suppressor genes and the induction of apoptosis by chemotherapeutic agents.  Importantly, the pathways and components revealed by these screens have provided potential new targets for therapeutic intervention.

• Wajapeyee et al. (2008) Oncogenic BRAF induces senescence and apoptosis through pathways mediated by the secreted protein IGFBP7. Cell, 132(3):363-74.
• Wajapeyee et al. (2009) Efficacy of IGFBP7 for treatment of metastatic melanoma and other cancers in mouse models and human cell lines. Mol Cancer Ther, 8(11):3009-14.
• Sheng Z et al. (2010) A genome-wide RNA interference screen reveals an essential CREB3L2-ATF5-MCL1 survival pathway in malignant glioma with therapeutic implications.Nat Med, 16(6):671-7.
• Ma L et al. (2014) A therapeutically targetable mechanism of BCR-ABL-independent imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Sci Transl Med, 6(252):252ra121.

*HOLDING*

The goal of the Kim lab is to understand how changes in metabolic pathways support cancer cells and their survival within the tumor environment, and to exploit these changes for therapeutic purposes. Cancer cells are dependent on metabolic pathways which involve the formation of toxic metabolites. The lab aims to understand the role of these pathways, and to target these pathways to poison cancer cells with their own metabolites.

• Kim et al. (2015) SHMT2 drives glioma cell survival in ischaemia but imposes a dependence on glycine clearance. Nature, 520(7547):363-367.
• Carlisle et al. (2020)Selenium detoxification is required for cancer-cell survival. Nature Metabolism, 2(7):603-611.
• Lee et al. (2020) Endogenous toxic metabolites and implications in cancer therapy. Oncogene, 39(35):5709-5720.

The lymphatic system, which normally provides a conduit for fluid drainage in parallel to the circulatory system, can be co-opted as a passageway for metastasizing cancer cells. At the same time, components of the lymphatic system (e.g. lymph nodes) are often removed in the course of surgical treatment for cancer. Thus, both inhibition and stimulation of lymphatic growth is relevant to cancer. The Lawson Lab uses the zebrafish as a model to identify signals important for lymphatic development. In addition to genetic approaches, more recent efforts include using zebrafish lymphatic mutants as a platform for small molecule screens to identify therapeutic compounds that may be used to modulate lymphatic growth in disease settings.

• Villefranc et al. (2013) A truncation allele in vascular endothelial growth factor c reveals distinct modes of signaling during lymphatic and vascular development.  Development, 140(7):1497-506 

Activating mutations in the KRAS oncogene are a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). While pharmacologic targeting of KRAS is very challenging, work from the Lewis lab and others demonstrates that targeting key downstream factors may be a viable strategy. Current work is focused on developing combination treatment strategies that include inhibition of critical downstream protein kinases.

• Driscoll DR et al. (2016). . mTORC2 Signaling Drives the Development and Progression of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res. 2016 Dec 1;76(23):6911-6923.